Supporting Evidence
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Canada’s Arctic Policies and Truth and Reconciliation: An Examination of Canada’s Arctic and Northern Policy Framework through a Reconciliation Lens
Type of Evidence: Academic Literature
Summary of Key Findings:The paper evaluates Canada’s Arctic and Northern Policy Framework through a reconciliation lens using Deborah McGregor’s framework, finding that while the Truth and Reconciliation Commission has influenced it, significant gaps remain in fully implementing true reconciliation practices.
Topics & Keywords:Arctic policy, Co-development, Indigenous Peoples, Reconciliation, Truth and Reconciliation CommissionLimitations:The framework’s co-development approach fails to ensure equal Indigenous participation, reflects asymmetrical power dynamics, omits Indigenous chapters or principles as starting points, and does not fully address the concerns raised by northern Indigenous Peoples.
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Biodiversity conservation policy reform and reconciliation in Canada: an analysis of the pathway to Canada target 1 through the policy cycle model
Type of Evidence: Academic Literature
Summary of Key Findings:The paper analyzes the Pathway to Canada Target 1 policy process, finding that despite claims of inclusivity, Indigenous involvement was inconsistent—particularly in implementation and evaluation stages—and recommends that future policy processes ensure meaningful Indigenous engagement, knowledge integration, and leadership in biodiversity conservation and reconciliation efforts.
Topics & Keywords:Biodiversity conservation policy, Indigenous knowledge systems, Pathway to Canada Target 1, Policy cycle, ReconciliationLimitations:The study is constrained by its use of a Western policy cycle framework that may not reflect Indigenous worldviews, limited Indigenous participation due to budget and scope restrictions, a breach of trust from shifting implementation responsibility from Parks Canada to ECCC, the exclusion of Indigenous actors from the evaluation stage, and the broader complexity of biodiversity conservation that underscores the need for Indigenous-led solutions.
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A Typology of National Park Co-management Agreements in the Era of Reconciliation in Canada
Type of Evidence: Academic Literature
Summary of Key Findings:A 2024 study by Kai Bruce and M. Mulrennan develops a typology of co-management agreements between Parks Canada and Indigenous groups, finding that while Parks Canada supports Indigenous-led conservation, true shared governance remains limited by legislative constraints, though consensus-based management agreements show potential for advancing Indigenous governance and self-determination.
Topics & Keywords:Co-management agreements, Indigenous participation, Legal constraints, Power sharing, Shared governanceLimitations:The study is constrained by Parks Canada’s uneven track record, reluctance to amend foundational legislation, limitations in board composition and dispute resolution, failure to address settler-colonial power structures, the typology’s oversight of Indigenous interests, and the absence of legislative adjustments and a clear policy framework for shared governance.
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